retrograde pyelogram การใช้

• In IVP, the contrast agent is given contraindicated for some reason, a retrograde pyelogram, with the contrast flowing upstream, can be done instead.
• Stones can also be detected by a retrograde pyelogram, where a similar contrast agent is injected directly into the distal ostium of the ureter ( where the ureter terminates as it enters the bladder ).
• Reasons for performing a retrograde pyelogram include identification of filling defects ( e . g . stones or tumors ), as an adjunct during the placement of ureteral stents or ureteroscopy, or to delineate renal anatomy in preparation for surgery.